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关于 GNU 的两本书
我决定以后保持略读的方法，一两个小时翻完一本书，不管是什么类型。不过，有些书需要
这两本书，一本是九月 17 日自由软件日(SFD)时买的，Richard M. Stallman (RMS) 二十年来的演讲和文集，“Free Software, Free Society”，由 Lawence Lessig 作导言；另一本书是 Lawence 的 “Free Culture”，讲的是 Creative Commons，中信出版社刚译的版本。前者可以在 www.gnu.org/philosophy/fsfs/ 下载，后者在 http://www.free-culture.cc/freecontent/
edit: 本来打算做的事情又耽搁了，那就不做了。反正以后用得着的话还可以去再看一遍。实际上，这
http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/rms-a
http://wiki.woodpecker.org.cn/moin/Zeuu
"Free Culture" 这本书的摘录(照抄翻译)：
= 导言 =
两个案例，结局非常不同。1945 考斯比，诉军用飞机低空飞行致鸡群受惊，撞在谷仓墙壁上而死亡。审判结果为天空不再是
1933 阿姆斯特朗发明调频广播(FM)，相比AM广播是极大进步，但是由于美国无线电公司(R
因此，同样是”为公众谋利“，天空得到了合理归属；而在FM的案例中，政府被RCA挟
== 互联网使法律发生变化 ==
作者提出，“在历史初期，美国的传统从不倾向对非商业文化进行管制。” 公众的创作是非商业文化，并非为了销售而生产，或者生产后不会用于销售。给孩子讲故事
在互联网出现后，由于媒体巨头的推动，法律开始对普通人的文化创造和分享进行管制。
“这种转变因保护商业创造力的必要性而名正言顺，而事实上保护主义才是它的动机。……然
potential of the Internet to change the way both commercial and
noncommercial culture are made and shared have united to induce
lawmakers to use the law to protect them. It is the story of RCA and
Armstrong; it is the dream of the Causbys.”
如果不注意对文化创造的影响，消灭网络“盗版”的斗争会“……rid our
culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start.”
[如果以后没法给孩子讲刚看到的故事，或者不能唱刚购买下载的歌，不能批评某女作家的
以“常理”来压制考斯比之类的做法是正确的，以“盗版”来压制创造力则是错误的。政府
= 第一章：盗版 =
人们对盗版的误解是如果使用或者借鉴了别人的作品，就“拿走了属于他人的价值，必须得
[后面有关于盗版的案例，说到为什么迪士尼创作的动画片的主题集中在二十世纪二十年代
[之后是关于同人志的描述。日本的同人志文化是一种基于原作的创造，有着“监管者睁一
传统上，借鉴他人的成果进行创造，总是会包含未经原作者许可，也不给原作者补偿的成分。每
[后面提到旧金山，普雷西迪奥街区Presidio的多媒体校车“Just Think!”，以及洛杉矶的创作实验，还有 911 事件。最后是博客和 FOSS，这些都是表达的手段，都属于创作。]
“但是这种实践操作的自由并没有保障。自由正逐步受到遏制。…… While there’s no doubt that your father
had the right to tinker with the car engine, there’s great doubt that your
child will have the right to tinker with the images she finds all around”
== 搜索引擎也犯错 ==
2002 伦斯勒理工学院，杰西 被美国唱片产业协会(RIAA)起诉，理由是他完善了校内联网文件系统的搜索引擎，导
== “法定许可”制度 ==
最初唱片业、广播电台、有线电视的发展都依赖于法律的规定，限制著作权人的“垄断”地
== 盗版的法律解读 ==
共享文件的几种形式
* 用之取代了过去的消费
* 试听
* 获取某些受著作权保护，但是不可能从正当途径获得的东西，比如不再出售的物品(也包括
* 获取公有领域的内容
其中，只有第四种是合法的，但是前面几种对商家，社会或创作者有好处。“Just as Edison complained about Hol-
lywood, composers complained about piano rolls, recording artists
complained about radio, and broadcasters complained about cable TV,
the music industry complains that type A sharing is a kind of “theft”
that is “devastating” the industry.”
“If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, and yet sales
revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a huge difference be-
tween ‘downloading a song and stealing a CD.’”
=== 关于 Napster ===
“ When Napster told the district court that it had devel-
oped a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified
infringing material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4
percent was not good enough. Napster had to push the infringements
“down to zero.”
If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to
assure that a p2p system is used 100 percent of the time in compliance
with the law, any more than there is a way to assure that 100 percent of
VCRs or 100 percent of Xerox machines or 100 percent of handguns
are used in compliance with the law.”
= 财产权 =
“如果我把你后院的餐桌搬走，我真真切切地搬走了一些东西，你就不再拥有这些东西了。如
as Thomas Jefferson said (and as is especially true
when I copy the way someone else dresses), “He who receives an idea
from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who
lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.”
[后面有很长的关于著作权起源的解释，从伦敦的出版商讲起。从1774年开始，不再有
案例：引用 4.5 秒其他影视镜头的繁琐许可
案例：为知名演员制作“自传”的繁琐许可，需要引用其主演和导演的大量镜头，需要其中
= 互联网档案馆 =
布鲁斯特 卡尔(Brewster Kahle) http://archive.org
= 创意财产权 =
财产保护方式的四种管制模式：
* 法律
* 规范
* 市场
* 结构
“ In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences
for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
be lost.
”
Adobe 对 PDF 的荒谬限制：尽管一个文件是公有领域的，PDF 也可能禁止打印、复制、朗读等操作。利用技术手段绕过这些限制究竟是不是合理的呢？
[evince/xpdf 和另外某个 PDF 阅读器在这方面就有一段公案。现在的 evince 可以对 PDF 做各种操作，无视原本的限制，但是这些限制又是 PDF 的标准，所以一个完全遵守标准的实现需要做出类似的限制(? 也许我记错了)]
给 AIBO 增加新动作的 hack 遭到 sony 基于 DMCA 禁止。
破解数字音乐保护的论文遭到 RIAA 基于 DMCA 的禁止。
“ In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the
spread of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made
spreading such information an offense.”
=== 集中化趋势 ===
对集中化的管制放松，导致独立作品渐渐消失。
= 互联网，共享，法律 =
所有人都成了违法者。
“ So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a
friend gives a CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the
cassettes you used to make as a kid. You don’t know, and neither does
your daughter, where these songs came from. But she copies these
songs onto her computer. She then takes her computer to college and
connects it to a college network, and if the college network is “cooper-
ating” with the RIAA’s espionage, and she hasn’t properly protected
her content from the network (do you know how to do that yourself ?),
then the RIAA will be able to identify your daughter as a “criminal.”
And under the rules that universities are beginning to deploy,22 your
daughter can lose the right to use the university’s computer network.
She can, in some cases, be expelled.”
= 权力、利益的平衡 =
[一些杂七杂八的案例，特别是作者参与辩护的，控延长著作权保护期的《桑尼 博诺法案》违宪的案例。]
[一个可行的解决办法：著作权人需要自行登记，使得作品的著作权有案可查，衍生的创作
= 结语 =
关于 AIDS 专利药品在南非，“平行进口”，美国制药公司和政客以所谓知识产权的“神圣性”为接口
WIPO 论坛某次会议由于涉及自由和开源软件议题而被取消，背后有微软对美国政府的游说。
= 后记 =
预期。
这两本书，一本是九月 17 日自由软件日(SFD)时买的，Richard M. Stallman (RMS) 二十年来的演讲和文集，“Free Software, Free Society”，由 Lawence Lessig 作导言；另一本书是 Lawence 的 “Free Culture”，讲的是 Creative Commons，中信出版社刚译的版本。前者可以在 www.gnu.org/philosophy/fsfs/ 下载，后者在 http://www.free-culture.cc/freecontent/
edit: 本来打算做的事情又耽搁了，那就不做了。反正以后用得着的话还可以去再看一遍。实际上，这
http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/rms-a
http://wiki.woodpecker.org.cn/moin/Zeuu
"Free Culture" 这本书的摘录(照抄翻译)：
= 导言 =
两个案例，结局非常不同。1945 考斯比，诉军用飞机低空飞行致鸡群受惊，撞在谷仓墙壁上而死亡。审判结果为天空不再是
1933 阿姆斯特朗发明调频广播(FM)，相比AM广播是极大进步，但是由于美国无线电公司(R
因此，同样是”为公众谋利“，天空得到了合理归属；而在FM的案例中，政府被RCA挟
== 互联网使法律发生变化 ==
作者提出，“在历史初期，美国的传统从不倾向对非商业文化进行管制。” 公众的创作是非商业文化，并非为了销售而生产，或者生产后不会用于销售。给孩子讲故事
在互联网出现后，由于媒体巨头的推动，法律开始对普通人的文化创造和分享进行管制。
“这种转变因保护商业创造力的必要性而名正言顺，而事实上保护主义才是它的动机。……然
potential of the Internet to change the way both commercial and
noncommercial culture are made and shared have united to induce
lawmakers to use the law to protect them. It is the story of RCA and
Armstrong; it is the dream of the Causbys.”
如果不注意对文化创造的影响，消灭网络“盗版”的斗争会“……rid our
culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start.”
[如果以后没法给孩子讲刚看到的故事，或者不能唱刚购买下载的歌，不能批评某女作家的
以“常理”来压制考斯比之类的做法是正确的，以“盗版”来压制创造力则是错误的。政府
= 第一章：盗版 =
人们对盗版的误解是如果使用或者借鉴了别人的作品，就“拿走了属于他人的价值，必须得
[后面有关于盗版的案例，说到为什么迪士尼创作的动画片的主题集中在二十世纪二十年代
[之后是关于同人志的描述。日本的同人志文化是一种基于原作的创造，有着“监管者睁一
传统上，借鉴他人的成果进行创造，总是会包含未经原作者许可，也不给原作者补偿的成分。每
[后面提到旧金山，普雷西迪奥街区Presidio的多媒体校车“Just Think!”，以及洛杉矶的创作实验，还有 911 事件。最后是博客和 FOSS，这些都是表达的手段，都属于创作。]
“但是这种实践操作的自由并没有保障。自由正逐步受到遏制。…… While there’s no doubt that your father
had the right to tinker with the car engine, there’s great doubt that your
child will have the right to tinker with the images she finds all around”
== 搜索引擎也犯错 ==
2002 伦斯勒理工学院，杰西 被美国唱片产业协会(RIAA)起诉，理由是他完善了校内联网文件系统的搜索引擎，导
== “法定许可”制度 ==
最初唱片业、广播电台、有线电视的发展都依赖于法律的规定，限制著作权人的“垄断”地
== 盗版的法律解读 ==
共享文件的几种形式
* 用之取代了过去的消费
* 试听
* 获取某些受著作权保护，但是不可能从正当途径获得的东西，比如不再出售的物品(也包括
* 获取公有领域的内容
其中，只有第四种是合法的，但是前面几种对商家，社会或创作者有好处。“Just as Edison complained about Hol-
lywood, composers complained about piano rolls, recording artists
complained about radio, and broadcasters complained about cable TV,
the music industry complains that type A sharing is a kind of “theft”
that is “devastating” the industry.”
“If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, and yet sales
revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a huge difference be-
tween ‘downloading a song and stealing a CD.’”
=== 关于 Napster ===
“ When Napster told the district court that it had devel-
oped a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified
infringing material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4
percent was not good enough. Napster had to push the infringements
“down to zero.”
If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing
technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to
assure that a p2p system is used 100 percent of the time in compliance
with the law, any more than there is a way to assure that 100 percent of
VCRs or 100 percent of Xerox machines or 100 percent of handguns
are used in compliance with the law.”
= 财产权 =
“如果我把你后院的餐桌搬走，我真真切切地搬走了一些东西，你就不再拥有这些东西了。如
as Thomas Jefferson said (and as is especially true
when I copy the way someone else dresses), “He who receives an idea
from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who
lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.”
[后面有很长的关于著作权起源的解释，从伦敦的出版商讲起。从1774年开始，不再有
案例：引用 4.5 秒其他影视镜头的繁琐许可
案例：为知名演员制作“自传”的繁琐许可，需要引用其主演和导演的大量镜头，需要其中
= 互联网档案馆 =
布鲁斯特 卡尔(Brewster Kahle) http://archive.org
= 创意财产权 =
财产保护方式的四种管制模式：
* 法律
* 规范
* 市场
* 结构
“ In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences
for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will
be lost.
”
Adobe 对 PDF 的荒谬限制：尽管一个文件是公有领域的，PDF 也可能禁止打印、复制、朗读等操作。利用技术手段绕过这些限制究竟是不是合理的呢？
[evince/xpdf 和另外某个 PDF 阅读器在这方面就有一段公案。现在的 evince 可以对 PDF 做各种操作，无视原本的限制，但是这些限制又是 PDF 的标准，所以一个完全遵守标准的实现需要做出类似的限制(? 也许我记错了)]
给 AIBO 增加新动作的 hack 遭到 sony 基于 DMCA 禁止。
破解数字音乐保护的论文遭到 RIAA 基于 DMCA 的禁止。
“ In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the
spread of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made
spreading such information an offense.”
=== 集中化趋势 ===
对集中化的管制放松，导致独立作品渐渐消失。
= 互联网，共享，法律 =
所有人都成了违法者。
“ So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a
friend gives a CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the
cassettes you used to make as a kid. You don’t know, and neither does
your daughter, where these songs came from. But she copies these
songs onto her computer. She then takes her computer to college and
connects it to a college network, and if the college network is “cooper-
ating” with the RIAA’s espionage, and she hasn’t properly protected
her content from the network (do you know how to do that yourself ?),
then the RIAA will be able to identify your daughter as a “criminal.”
And under the rules that universities are beginning to deploy,22 your
daughter can lose the right to use the university’s computer network.
She can, in some cases, be expelled.”
= 权力、利益的平衡 =
[一些杂七杂八的案例，特别是作者参与辩护的，控延长著作权保护期的《桑尼 博诺法案》违宪的案例。]
[一个可行的解决办法：著作权人需要自行登记，使得作品的著作权有案可查，衍生的创作
= 结语 =
关于 AIDS 专利药品在南非，“平行进口”，美国制药公司和政客以所谓知识产权的“神圣性”为接口
WIPO 论坛某次会议由于涉及自由和开源软件议题而被取消，背后有微软对美国政府的游说。
= 后记 =
预期。
